Method of manufacturing a magnetoresistive random access memory (mram)

ABSTRACT

The output voltage of an MRAM is increased by means of an Fe(001)/MgO(001)/Fe(001) MTJ device, which is formed by microfabrication of a sample prepared as follows: A single-crystalline MgO (001) substrate is prepared. An epitaxial Fe(001) lower electrode (a first electrode) is grown on a MgO(001) seed layer at room temperature, followed by annealing under ultrahigh vacuum. A MgO(001) barrier layer is epitaxially formed on the Fe(001) lower electrode (the first electrode) at room temperature, using a MgO electron-beam evaporation. A Fe(001) upper electrode (a second electrode) is then formed on the MgO(001) barrier layer at room temperature. This is successively followed by the deposition of a Co layer on the Fe(001) upper electrode (the second electrode). The Co layer is provided so as to increase the coercive force of the upper electrode in order to realize an antiparallel magnetization alignment.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/862,598, filed Apr. 30, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/443,875, filed Jun. 18, 2019 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,680,167), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/428,842, filed Feb. 9, 2017 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,367,138), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/837,558, filed Aug. 27, 2015 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,608,198), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/767,290, filed Feb. 14, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,123,463), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/400,340, filed Feb. 20, 2012 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,405,134), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/923,643, filed Sep. 30, 2010 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,319,263), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/591,947, filed Sep. 8, 2006 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,884,403), which is a National Stage Application of PCT/JP2005/004720, filed Mar. 10, 2005, which claims priority from Japanese Application Nos. 2004-071186 and 2004-313350, filed Mar. 12, 2004 and Oct. 28, 2004, respectively, the content of each is hereby incorporated by reference into this application.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a magnetic tunnel junction device and a method of manufacturing the same, particularly to a magnetic tunnel junction device with a high magnetoresistance and a method of manufacturing the same.

Description of Related Art

Magnetoresistive random access memories (MRAMs) refer to a large-scale integrated memory circuit that is expected to replace the currently widely used DRAM memories. Research and development of MRAM devices, which are fast and non-volatile memory devices, are being extensively carried out, and sample products of a 4 Mbit MRAM have actually been delivered.

FIGS. 8(A) and 8(B) show the structure and operation principle of a magnetic tunnel junction device (to be hereafter referred to as a “MTJ device”), which is the most important part of the MRAM. As shown in FIG. 8(A), a MTJ device comprises a tunnelling junction structure in which a tunnel barrier (to be hereafter also referred to as a “barrier layer”) made of an oxide is sandwiched between a first and a second electrode made of a ferromagnetic metal. The tunnel barrier layer comprises an amorphous Al—O layer (see Non-Patent Document 1). As shown in FIG. 8(A), in the case of parallel magnetization alignment where the directions of magnetizations of the first and second ferromagnetic electrodes are aligned parallel, the electric resistance of the device with respect to the direction normal to the interfaces of the tunneling junction structure decreases. On the other hand, in the case of antiparallel magnetization alignment where the directions of magnetizations of the first and second ferromagnetic electrodes are aligned antiparallel as shown in FIG. 8(B), the electric resistance with respect to the direction normal to the interfaces of the tunneling junction structure increases. The resistance value does not change in a general state, so that information “1” or “0” can be stored depending on whether the resistance value is high or not. Since the parallel and antiparallel magnetization alignments can be stored in a non-volatile fashion, the device can be used as a non-volatile memory device.

FIGS. 9(A)-(C) show an example of the basic structure of the MRAM. FIG. 9(A) shows a perspective view of the MRAM, and FIG. 9(B) schematically shows a circuit block diagram. FIG. 9(C) is a cross-section of an example of the structure of the MRAM. Referring to FIG. 9(A), in an MRAM, a word line WL and a bit line BL are disposed in an intersecting manner, with an MRAM cell disposed at each intersection. As shown in FIG. 9(B), the MRAM cell disposed at the intersection of a word line and a bit line comprises a MTJ device and a MOSFET directly connected to the MTJ device. Stored information can be read by reading the resistance value of the MTJ device that functions as a load resistance, using the MOSFET. The stored information can be rewritten by applying a magnetic field to the MTJ device, for example. As shown in FIG. 9(C), an MRAM memory cell comprises a MOSFET 100 including a source region 105 and a drain region 103 both formed inside a p-type Si substrate 101, and a gate electrode 111 formed on a channel region that is defined between the source and drain regions. The MRAM also comprises a MTJ device 117. The source region 105 is grounded, and the drain is connected to a bit line BL via the MTJ device. A word line WL is connected to the gate electrode 111 in a region that is not shown.

Thus, a single non-volatile MRAM memory cell can be formed by a single MOSFET 100 and a single MTJ device 117. The MRAMs are therefore suitable where high levels of integration are required.

-   Non-Patent Document 1: D. Wang, et al.: Science 294 (2001) 1488.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Although there are prospects for achieving MRAMs with capacities on the order of 64 Mbits based on the current technologies, the characteristics of the MTJ device, which is the heart of MRAM, needs to be improved if higher levels of integration are to be achieved. In particular, in order to increase the output voltage of the MTJ device, the magnetoresistance must be increased and the bias voltage characteristics must be improved. FIG. 10 illustrates how the magnetoresistance in a conventional MTJ device using an amorphous Al—O as the tunnel barrier changes as a function of the bias voltage (L1). As shown, in the conventional MTJ device, the magnetoresistance is small and, notably, it tends to drastically decrease upon application of bias voltage. With such characteristics, the output voltage when operation margins are taken into consideration is too small for the device to be employed for an actual memory device. Specifically, the magnetoresistance of the current MTJ device is small at approximately 70%, and the output voltage is also small at no more than 200 mV, which is substantially half the output voltage of a DRAM. This has resulted in the problem that as the level of integration increases, signals are increasingly lost in noise and cannot be read.

It is an object of the invention to increase the output voltage of a MTJ device. It is another object of the invention to provide a memory device with a high magnetoresistance for stable operation.

In one aspect, the invention provides a magnetoresistive device comprising a magnetic tunnel junction structure comprising: a tunnel barrier layer; a first ferromagnetic material layer of the BCC structure formed on a first side of the tunnel barrier layer; and a second ferromagnetic material layer of the BCC structure formed on a second side of the tunnel barrier layer, wherein the tunnel barrier layer is formed by a single-crystal MgO_(x) (001) layer or a poly-crystalline MgO_(x) (0<x<1) layer in which the (001) crystal plane is preferentially oriented.

The invention further provides a magnetoresistive device comprising a magnetic tunnel junction structure comprising: a tunnel barrier layer comprising MgO(001); a first ferromagnetic material layer comprising Fe(001) formed on a first side of the tunnel barrier layer; and a second ferromagnetic material layer comprising Fe(001) formed on a second side of the tunnel barrier layer, wherein the MgO layer is formed by a single-crystalline MgO_(x) (001) layer or a poly-crystalline MgO_(x) (0<x<1) layer in which the (001) crystal plane is preferentially oriented. In a preferred embodiment, the band discontinuity value (the height of the tunnel barrier) between the bottom of the conduction band of the MgO(001) layer and the Fermi energy of the Fe(001) layer is smaller than an ideal value of a perfect single-crystal without defect. These features increase the magnetoresistance and thereby allow the output voltage of the MTJ device to be increased. By using any of the aforementioned MTJ devices as a load for a single transistor, a non-volatile memory can be formed.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of manufacturing a magnetoresistive device comprising: preparing a substrate; depositing a first Fe(001) layer on the substrate; depositing a tunnel barrier layer on the first Fe(001) layer by electron beam evaporation under high vacuum, the tunnel barrier layer comprising a single-crystalline MgO_(x) (001) or a poly-crystalline MgO_(x) (0<x<1) in which the (001) crystal plane is preferentially oriented; and forming a second Fe(001) layer on the tunnel barrier layer.

The invention furthermore provides a method of manufacturing a MTJ device comprising a first step of preparing a substrate comprising a single-crystalline MgO_(x) (001) or a poly-crystalline MgO_(x) (0<x<1) in which the (001) crystal plane is preferentially oriented, a second step of depositing a first Fe(001) layer on the substrate and performing an annealing process to make the surface flat, a third step of depositing a tunnel barrier layer on the first Fe(001) layer by electron beam evaporation, the tunnel barrier layer comprising a single-crystalline MgO_(x) (001) or a poly-crystalline MgO_(x) (0<x<1) in which the (001) crystal plane is preferentially oriented, and a fourth step of forming a second Fe(001) layer on the tunnel barrier layer. The method may further comprise the step of growing a seed layer between the first and the second steps, the seed layer comprising a single-crystalline MgO_(x) (001) or a poly-crystalline MgO_(x) (0<x<1) in which the (001) crystal plane is preferentially oriented. The MgO layer may be deposited using a target with the value of x in MgO_(x) adjusted. The value of x in MgO_(x) may be adjusted in the step of forming the MgO.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a magnetoresistive device comprising a magnetic tunnel junction structure comprising a tunnel barrier layer comprising MgO(001), a first ferromagnetic material layer comprising an amorphous magnetic alloy formed on a first side of the tunnel barrier layer, and a second ferromagnetic material layer comprising an amorphous magnetic alloy formed on a second side of the tunnel barrier layer, wherein the discontinuous value (the height of the tunnel barrier) between the bottom of the conduction band of the MgO(001) layer and the Fermi energy of the first or the second ferromagnetic material layer comprising the amorphous magnetic alloy is lower than an ideal value of a perfect single-crystal with no defect.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1(B) shows the structure of a MTJ device according to a first embodiment of the invention, and FIG. 1(A) shows the energy band structure of a ferromagnetic metal Fe(001), illustrating the E-E_(F) relationship with respect to the [001] direction of the momentum space.

FIG. 2(A) to FIG. 2(D) schematically show the process of manufacturing a MTJ device with a Fe(001)/MgO(001)/Fe(001) structure (to be hereafter referred to as a “Fe(001)/MgO(001)/Fe(001) MTJ device”) according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3(A) shows a RHEED image of a Fe(001) lower electrode (a first electrode), and FIG. 3(B) shows a RHEED image of a MgO(001) barrier layer.

FIG. 4 shows the results of observing the quadrupole mass spectra in the deposition chamber during the MgO evaporation.

FIG. 5 shows the film deposition rate dependency of the oxygen partial pressure during the MgO evaporation.

FIG. 6 shows typical magnetoresistance curves of the Fe(001)/MgO(001)/Fe(001) MTJ device.

FIG. 7(A) shows the bias voltage dependency of the MR ratio at room temperature, and FIG. 7(B) shows the output voltage V_(out) of the MTJ device (=bias voltage x (Rap-Rp)/Rap).

FIGS. 8(A) and 8(B) show the structure of the MTJ device and its operating principle.

FIGS. 9(A)-(C) show an example of the basic structure of an MRAM, FIG. 9(A) showing a perspective view of the MRAM, FIG. 9(B) showing a schematic circuit diagram, and FIG. 9(C) showing a cross-sectional view of an example of its structure.

FIG. 10 shows how the magnetoresistance of a conventional MTJ device using an amorphous Al—O as the tunnel barrier changes depending on the bias voltage.

FIG. 11 shows the structure of a MTJ device according to a variation of the invention, corresponding to FIG. 1(B).

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the context of the present specification, because MgO has a cubic crystal structure (NaCl structure), the (001) plane, the (100) plane, and the (010) plane are all equivalent. The direction perpendicular to the film surface is herein considered to be the z-axis so that the film plane can be uniformly described as (001). Also in the context of the present specification, BCC structure, which the crystalline structure of ferromagnetic electrode layer, means body-centered cubic lattice structure. More specifically, BCC structure includes the BCC structure with no chemical ordering so-called A2-type structure, the BCC structure with chemical ordering such as B2-type structure and L2₁-type structure, and also the aforementioned structures with slight lattice distortion.

The term “ideal value” with regard to a perfect single-crystal without defect herein refers to a value that has been estimated from ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy experiments (see W. Wulfhekel, et al.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 (2001) 509.). The term “ideal value” is used herein because the aforementioned state can be considered to be an upper limit value of the potential barrier height of the tunnel barrier of an ideal single-crystal MgO with hardly any oxygen vacancy defect or lattice defect.

Before describing the preferred embodiments of the invention, an analysis conducted by the inventors is discussed. The magnetoresistance (MR) ratio of a MTJ device can be expressed by the following equation:

ΔR/Rp=(Rap−Rp)/Rp

where Rp and Rap indicate the tunnel junction resistance in the cases of parallel and antiparallel magnetization alignments, respectively, of two electrodes. According to the Jullire's formula, the MR ratio at low bias voltage can be expressed by:

MR ratio=(Rap−Rp)/Rp=2P ₁ P ₂/(1−P ₁ P ₂), and

Pα=(Dα↑(E _(F))−Dα↓(E _(F)))/(Dα↑(E _(F))+Dα↓(E _(F)),

where α=1,2  (1)

In the above equations, Pα is the spin polarization of an electrode, and Dα↑(E_(F)) and Dα↓(E_(F)) are the density of state (DOS) at the Fermi energy (E_(F)) of the majority-spin band and the minority-spin band, respectively. Since the spin polarization of ferromagnetic transition metals and alloys is approximately 0.5 or smaller, the Jullire's formula predicts a highest estimated MR ratio of about 70%.

Although the MR ratio of approximately 70% has been obtained at room temperature when a MTJ device was made using an amorphous Al—O tunnel barrier and polycrystalline electrodes, it has been difficult to obtain the output voltage of 200 mV, which is comparable to the output voltages of DRAMs, thereby preventing the realization of MRAM as mentioned above.

The inventors tried an approach to deposit a MTJ device in which the tunnel barrier comprises a single-crystal (001) of magnesium oxide (MgO) or a poly-crystalline MgO in which the (001) crystal plane is preferentially oriented. It is the inventors' theory that, because magnesium oxide is a crystal (where the atoms are arranged in an orderly fashion), as opposed to the conventional amorphous Al—O barrier, the electrons are not scattered and the coherent states of electrons are concerved during the tunneling process. FIG. 1(B) shows the MTJ device structure according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 1(A) shows the energy band structure of the ferromagnetic Fe(001), that is, the E-E_(F) relationship with respect to the [001] direction of the momentum space. As shown in FIG. 1(B), the MTJ device structure of the present embodiment comprises a first Fe (001) layer 1, a second Fe (001) layer 5, and a single-crystalline MgO_(x) (001) layer 3 or a poly-crystalline MgO), (0<x<1) layer 3 sandwiched therebetween, the polycrystalline layer having the (001) crystal plane preferentially oriented therein. According to the aforementioned Jullire's model, assuming that the momentum of the conduction electrons is preserved in the tunneling process, the tunneling current that passes through MgO would be dominated by those electrons with wave vector k_(z) in the direction perpendicular to the tunnel barrier (normal to the junction interfaces). In accordance with the energy band diagram shown in FIG. 1(A) of Fe in the [001] (Γ-H) direction, the density of state (DOS) at the Fermi energy E_(F) does not exhibit a very high spin polarization due to the fact that the sub-bands of the majority-spin and the minority-spin have states at the Fermi energy E_(F). However, in case the coherent states of electrons are conserved in the tunneling process, only those conduction electrons that have totally symmetrical wave functions with respect to the axis perpendicular to the barrier would be coupled with the states in the barrier region and come to have a finite tunneling probability. The Δ1 band in the Fe(001) electrode has such totally symmetric wave functions. As shown in FIG. 1(A), the majority spin Δ1 band (solid line) has states at the Fermi energy E_(F), whereas the minority spin Δ1 band (broken line) does not have state at the Fermi energy E_(F). Because of such half-metallic characteristics of the Fe Δ₁ band, there is the possibility that a very high MR ratio can be obtained in a coherent spin polarized tunneling. Since in an epitaxial (single-crystal, or (001) oriented poly-crystal) MTJ device the scattering of electrons is suppressed during the tunneling process, an epitaxial MTJ device is thought to be ideal for realizing the aforementioned coherent tunneling.

In the following, a MTJ device according to a first embodiment of the invention and a method of manufacturing the same will be described with reference to the drawings. FIGS. 2(A) to 2(D) schematically show the method of manufacturing the MTJ device having the Fe (001)/MgO(001)/Fe(001) structure according to the embodiment (to be hereafter referred to as a “Fe(001)/MgO(001)/Fe(001) MTJ device”). Fe(001) refers to a ferromagnetic material with the BCC structure. First, a single-crystal MgO(001) substrate 11 was prepared. In order to improve the morphology of the surface of the single-crystal MgO(001) substrate 11, a MgO(001) seed layer 15 was grown by the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. This was subsequently followed by the growth of an epitaxial Fe(001) lower electrode (first electrode) 17 with the thickness of 50 nm on the MgO(001) seed layer 15 at room temperature, as shown in FIG. 1(B), and then annealing was performed at 350° C. under ultrahigh vacuum (2×10⁻⁸ Pa). Electron-beam evaporation conditions included an acceleration voltage of 8 kV, a growth rate of 0.02 nm/sec, and the growth temperature of room temperature (about 293K). The source material of the electron-beam evaporation was MgO of the stoichiometric composition (the ratio of Mg to O being 1:1), the distance between the source and the substrate was 40 cm, the base vacuum pressure was 1×10⁻⁸ Pa, and the O₂ partial pressure was 1×10⁻⁶ Pa. Alternatively, a source with oxygen vacancy defects may be used instead of the MgO of the stoichiometric composition (the ratio of Mg to O is 1:1).

FIG. 3(A) shows a RHEED image of the Fe(001) lower electrode (a first electrode). The image shows that the Fe(001) lower electrode (first electrode) 17 possesses a good crystallinity and flatness. Thereafter, a MgO(001) barrier layer 21 with the thickness of 2 nm was epitaxially grown on the Fe(001) lower electrode (first electrode) at room temperature, also using the MgO electron-beam evaporation method. FIG. 3(B) shows a RHEED image of the MgO(001) barrier layer 21. The image shows that the MgO(001) barrier layer 21 also possesses a good crystallinity and flatness.

As shown in FIG. 2(D), a Fe(001) upper electrode (a second electrode) 23 with the thickness of 10 nm was formed on the MgO(001) barrier layer 21 at room temperature. This was successively followed by the deposition of a Co layer 25 with the thickness of 10 nm on the Fe(001) upper electrode (second electrode) 23. The Co layer 25 is provided to increase the coercive force of the upper electrode 23 so as to realize the antiparallel magnetization alignment. The thus prepared sample was then processed by microfabrication techniques to obtain the Fe(001)/MgO(001)/Fe(001) MTJ device.

The aforementioned MgO evaporation using an electron beam involved the formation of a film under ultrahigh vacuum of 10⁻⁹ Torr. It can be seen that in this method, the film, even when formed on a glass substrate to the thickness of 300 nm, was colorless and transparent, showing that a good crystal film was formed. FIG. 4 shows the results of observing the quadrupole mass spectra in the deposition chamber during the MgO growth. The results show that the partial pressures regarding the spectrum P1 of O and the spectrum P2 of O₂ are high. FIG. 5 shows the film deposition rate dependency of the oxygen partial pressure during MgO evaporation. It will be seen from the figure that the oxygen partial pressure itself is high, and that the oxygen partial pressure increases as the deposition rate increases. These results indicate the separation of oxygen from MgO during the deposition of MgO. Since the separated oxygen is pumped out of the deposition chamber using vacuum pumps, there is the possibility that there are oxygen vacancy defects such as MgO_(x) (0.9<x<1). When there are oxygen vacancy defects, the potential barrier height of the MgO tunnel barrier is thought to decrease (such as in the range of 0.10 to 0.85 eV; more specifically, 0.2 to 0.5 eV), which is thought to result in an increase in the tunneling current. In the case of a typical Al—O tunnel barrier, the height of the tunnel barrier with respect to Fe(001) electrodes is considered to be 0.7 to 2.5 eV. An ideal tunnel barrier height of a MgO crystal is 3.6 eV, and experimental values of 0.9 to 3.7 eV have been obtained. Using the method according to the present embodiment of the invention, a tunnel barrier height of approximately 0.3 eV is expected, indicating that the resistance of the tunnel barrier can be lowered. However, it should be noted that other factors, such as the influence of the aforementioned coherent tunneling, might also be involved. The value of x in MgO_(x) due to oxygen vacancy defects is such that 0.98<x<1, and more preferably 0.99<x<1. These are the ranges such that the sole presence of Mg is excluded and the characteristics of MgO can be basically maintained.

The aforementioned tunnel barrier height ϕ was determined by fitting the electric conductance characteristics of the MTJ device (the relationship between tunnel current density J and bias voltage V) onto the Simmons' formula (Equation (20) in a non-patent document by J. G. Simmons: J. Appl. Phys. 34, pp. 1793-1803 (1963)) based on the WKB approximation, using the least squares method. The fitting was performed using the free electron mass (m=9.11×10⁻³¹ kg) as the electron's effective mass. When a bias voltage V (which is normally on the order of 500 mV to 1000 mV) is applied until non-linearity appears in the J-V characteristics, the height ϕ of the tunnel barrier and the effective thickness Δs of the tunnel barrier can be simultaneously determined by fitting the J-V characteristics using the Simmons' formula.

The effective thickness Δs of the tunnel barrier was determined to be smaller than the thickness of the actual MgO(001) tunnel barrier layer (t_(MgO)) determined from a cross-sectional transmission electron microscope image of the MTJ device by approximately 0.5 nm. This is the result of the effective thickness Δs of the tunnel barrier having been reduced from the actual MgO(001) layer thickness by the effect of the image potential produced at the interface between the MgO(001) layer and the alloy layer consisting mainly of Fe and Co.

It is noted that, in the event that t_(MgO) can be accurately determined using the cross-sectional transmission electron microscope (TEM) image, the height ϕ of the tunnel barrier can be more simply determined by the following technique. Namely, when the bias voltage V applied to the MTJ device is small (normally 100 mV or smaller), the tunnel current density J is proportional to the bias voltage V, such that the J-V characteristics become linear. In such a low-bias voltage region, the Simmons' formula can be described as follows:

J=[(2mϕ)^(1/2) /Δs](e/h)²×exp[−(4πΔs/h)×(2mϕ)^(1/2) ]×V  (2)

where m is the mass of the free electron (9.11×10⁻³¹ kg), e is the elementary electric charge (1.60×10⁻¹⁹C), and h is the Planck's constant (6.63×10⁻³⁴ J·s). The effective thickness of the tunnel barrier Δs is approximately t_(MgO)−0.5 nm. By fitting the J-V characteristics of the MTJ device in the low-bias voltage region onto Equation (2), the height ϕ of the tunnel barrier can be simply and yet accurately estimated.

FIG. 6 shows a typical magnetoresistance curve of the Fe(001)/MgO(001)/Fe(001) MTJ device produced by the above-described method. The MR ratio is 146% at the measurement temperature of 20K and 88% at the measurement temperature of 293K. These values represent the highest MR ratios that have so far been obtained at room temperature. Such high MR ratios cannot be explained by the spin polarization of the Fe(001) electrode and is thought rather to be related to a coherent spin-polarized tunneling. When 160 prototype MTJ devices were made, the variations regarding the MR ratio and tunneling resistance value were not more than 20%. The yield of the MTJ devices was 90% or more at the laboratory stage. These high values suggest the effectiveness of the approach of the invention. The resistance-area (RA) product of the MTJ device was on the order of a few kΩμm², which is suitable for MRAM.

FIG. 7(a) shows the bias voltage dependency of the MR ratio at room temperature. It will be seen that the bias voltage dependency of the MR ratio is fairly small. Although the characteristics are asymmetric, the voltage V_(half) at which the MR ratio is reduced in half of the zero-bias value is 1250 mV, which is a very high value. In this connection, it is noted that the voltage V_(half) at which the MR ratio is reduced in half of the zero-bias value in the conventional MTJs with Al—O tunnel barrier is 300 to 600 mV. FIG. 7(b) shows the output voltage V_(out) of the MTJ device (=bias voltage x (Rap−Rp)/Rap). The maximum value of the output voltage V_(out) is 380 mV with a positive bias. This value is about twice as large as that (a little less than 200 mV) in the case of the Al—O barrier. These high values in terms of both MR ratio and output voltage suggest the effectiveness of the technique according to the present embodiment.

Although in the above-described embodiment Fe(001) of BCC was employed, an Fe alloy of BCC, such as an Fe—Co alloy, Fe—Ni alloy, or Fe—Pt alloy, may be used instead. Alternatively, a layer of Co or Ni with the thickness of one or several monoatomic layers may be inserted between the electrode layer and the MgO(001) layer.

Hereafter, a MTJ device according to a second embodiment of the invention and a method of manufacturing the same will be described. In the method of manufacturing a Fe(001)/MgO(001)/Fe(001) MTJ device according to the present embodiment, MgO(001) is initially deposited in a poly-crystalline or amorphous state by sputtering or the like, and then an annealing process is performed such that a poly-crystal in which the (001) crystal plane is preferentially oriented or a single-crystal is obtained. The sputtering conditions were such that, for example, the temperature was room temperature (293K), a 2-inch ϕ MgO was used as a target, and sputtering was conducted in an Ar atmosphere. The acceleration power was 200 W and the growth rate was 0.008 nm/s. Because MgO that is deposited under these conditions is in an amorphous state, a crystallized MgO was obtained by increasing the temperature to 300° C. from room temperature and maintaining that temperature for a certain duration of time.

Oxygen vacancy defects may be introduced by a method whereby oxygen vacancy defects is produced during growth, a method whereby oxygen vacancy defects is introduced subsequently, or a method whereby a state with oxygen vacancy defects is subjected to an oxygen plasma process or natural oxidation so as to achieve a certain oxygen deficit level.

As described above, in accordance with the MTJ device technology of the present embodiment, an annealing process is carried out for crystallization after an amorphous MgO has been deposited by sputtering, thereby eliminating the need for large-sized equipment.

Hereafter, a MTJ device according to a variation of the embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 11 shows the structure of the MTJ device according to the variation, which corresponds to FIG. 1(B). As shown in FIG. 11 , the MTJ device of the variation is characterized in that, as in the MTJ device of the above-described embodiments, the electrodes disposed on either side of a single-crystal MgO_(x) (001) layer 503 or an oxygen-deficit poly-crystal MgO_(x) (0<x<1) in which the (001) crystal plane is preferentially oriented comprises an amorphous ferromagnetic alloy, such as CoFeB layers 501 and 505. The amorphous ferromagnetic alloy can be formed by evaporation or sputtering, for example. The resultant characteristics are substantially identical to those of the first embodiment.

As the amorphous magnetic alloy, FeCoB, FeCoBSi, FeCoBP, FeZr, and CoZr may be used, for example. Although an anneal process after the preparation of the MTJ device might cause the amorphous magnetic alloy in the electrode layers to be partially or entirely crystallized, this would not lead to a significant deterioration of the MR ratio. Thus, such a crystallized amorphous magnetic alloy may be used in the electrode layers.

While the MTJ device according to various embodiments of the invention has been described, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to those specific embodiments and various other modifications, improvements and combinations are possible. For example, the height of the tunnel barrier may be adjusted by doping Ca or Sr, instead of introducing an oxygen vacancy defects to the MgO layer. Further, while the MgO layer has been described to be deposited by electron-beam evaporation or sputtering, it should be obvious that other deposition methods are also possible. The term “high vacuum” refers to values on the order of no more than 10⁻⁶ Pa in the case where oxygen is not introduced, for example. In the case where oxygen is introduced, the term refers to values on the order of 10⁻⁴ Pa.

In accordance with the invention, a larger magnetoresistance than in the conventional MTJ device can be obtained, and the output voltage of the MTJ device can be increased. At the same time, the resistance value of the MTJ device can be reduced so that it is optimized for MRAM. The invention thus enables the level of integration of MRAM using the MTJ device to be readily increased. In accordance with the invention, the output voltage value of the MRAM roughly doubles over prior art, making the MTJ device of the invention suitable for very large scale integrated MRAMs of gigabit class. 

1-2. (canceled)
 3. A magnetoresistive device comprising a magnetic tunnel junction structure comprising a multi-layer material stack including: first and second ferromagnetic material layers; and a tunnel barrier layer between the first and second ferromagnetic material layers such that the tunnel barrier layer is above the first ferromagnetic material layer and below the second ferromagnetic material layer, wherein said tunnel barrier layer comprises crystalline MgO_(x) (001) with oxygen vacancy defects and (0<x<1).
 4. The magnetoresistive device of claim 3, wherein 0.9<x<1.
 5. The magnetoresistive device of claim 4, wherein 0.98<x<1.
 6. The magnetoresistive device of claim 5, wherein 0.99<x<1.
 7. The magnetoresistive device of claim 3, wherein a barrier height of the tunnel barrier layer is in a range of 0.1 eV to 0.85 eV.
 8. The magnetoresistive device of claim 7, wherein the barrier height of the tunnel barrier layer is in a range of 0.2 eV to 0.5 eV.
 9. The magnetoresistive device of claim 3, wherein the first ferromagnetic material layer and/or the second ferromagnetic material layer comprises Boron.
 10. The magnetoresistive device of claim 3, wherein the first ferromagnetic material layer and/or the second ferromagnetic material layer is partially or entirely crystallized.
 11. A magnetoresistive device comprising a magnetic tunnel junction structure comprising: first and second ferromagnetic material layers; and a tunnel barrier layer between the first and second ferromagnetic material layers, wherein said tunnel barrier layer comprises magnesium oxide and has a barrier height in a range of 0.1 eV to 0.85 eV.
 12. The magnetoresistive device of claim 11, wherein the tunnel barrier layer comprises partially or fully crystalline magnesium oxide.
 13. The magnetoresistive device of claim 12, wherein the first ferromagnetic material layer and/or the second ferromagnetic material layer is partially or entirely crystallized.
 14. The magnetoresistive device of claim 13, wherein the barrier height is in a range of 0.2 eV to 0.5 eV.
 15. The magnetoresistive device of claim 13, wherein the first ferromagnetic material layer and/or the second ferromagnetic material layer exhibits a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure.
 16. The magnetoresistive device of claim 13, wherein the first ferromagnetic material layer and/or the second ferromagnetic material layer comprises Cobalt and Iron.
 17. A magnetoresistive device comprising: a first ferromagnetic material layer; a tunnel barrier layer comprising magnesium oxide and having a barrier height in a range of 0.2 eV to 0.5 eV; and a second ferromagnetic material layer disposed on the tunnel barrier layer and separated from the first ferromagnetic material layer by the tunnel barrier layer.
 18. The magnetoresistive device of claim 17, wherein the tunnel barrier layer comprises partially or fully crystalline magnesium oxide.
 19. The magnetoresistive device of claim 18, wherein the first ferromagnetic material layer and/or the second ferromagnetic material layer is partially or entirely crystallized.
 20. The magnetoresistive device of claim 19, wherein the first ferromagnetic material layer and/or the second ferromagnetic material layer exhibits a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure.
 21. The magnetoresistive device of claim 19, wherein the first ferromagnetic material layer and/or the second ferromagnetic material layer comprises Cobalt and Iron.
 22. The magnetoresistive device of claim 17, wherein the tunnel barrier layer has a thickness less than 10 nm. 